Hindlimb lameness is a frequent presenting complaint in Indian veterinary clinics, especially among large-breed dogs. Accurate diagnosis and effective field management of this issue require a structured approach to differentiating common orthopedic conditions such as cranial cruciate ligament rupture (CCLR), hip dysplasia, patellar luxation, and musculoskeletal trauma.

Cranial cruciate ligament rupture is the leading cause of hindlimb lameness in adult dogs. It is commonly seen in Labradors, German Shepherds, and Indian Indies. Dogs typically present with acute, non-weight-bearing lameness and stifle joint effusion. Key diagnostic tests include the cranial drawer and tibial thrust tests. Radiographs may reveal joint effusion and osteophytes in chronic cases (Duerr et al., 2016).

Hip dysplasia, often bilateral and genetically predisposed, affects the coxofemoral joint and presents as bunny-hopping gait, difficulty rising, and muscle wasting. Diagnosis requires sedation and proper radiographic positioning (extended VD view). The Ortolani sign can be helpful in detecting hip laxity in young dogs.

Patellar luxation, particularly medial luxation, is more common in small breeds but can be seen in medium-breed Indian dogs. Clinical signs include intermittent skipping lameness and reluctance to jump. Diagnosis is manual palpation often reveals spontaneous luxation