Status Epilepticus in Small Animals: Current Concepts, Recent Guidelines, and Practical Management

Status epilepticus is a life-threatening neurological emergency requiring rapid recognition and prompt intervention to minimize neuronal injury and improve patient outcomes. In small animals, prolonged or recurrent seizure activity may result from idiopathic epilepsy, metabolic disturbances, intoxications, intracranial disease, infectious disorders, or systemic illness. Effective management involves stabilization of the patient, seizure termination using appropriate anticonvulsants, identification of the underlying cause, and prevention of seizure recurrence. Current veterinary guidelines emphasize a structured treatment approach, timely escalation of therapy in refractory cases, intensive monitoring, and post-seizure care. Understanding recent advances in emergency management and anticonvulsant protocols is essential for optimizing outcomes in canine and feline patients.