Epidemiology of Emerging and Re-emerging Animal Diseases

Emerging and re-emerging animal diseases continue to pose significant challenges to animal health, public health, food security, and global trade. Changes in climate, land use, wildlife interactions, intensive livestock production, antimicrobial resistance, globalization, and increased animal movement have altered the epidemiology of many infectious diseases. Understanding patterns of disease occurrence, transmission dynamics, host-pathogen interactions, risk factors, and surveillance systems is essential for early detection and effective outbreak response. Epidemiological investigations, molecular surveillance, risk assessment, and One Health approaches play a central role in preventing disease spread, protecting livestock populations, and reducing the risk of zoonotic transmission.